VI. The instrument
AEconomy and ownership
2024 Democratic Party Platform
"As the President often says, capitalism without competition isn't capitalism, it's exploitation."
"Democrats will make billionaires pay a minimum income tax rate of 25 percent, raising $500 billion in 10 years. We'll end the preferential treatment for capital gains for millionaires, so they pay the same rate on investment income as on wages."
Chapters Two and Three, "Corporate Greed" and "Making the Wealthy & Big Corporations Pay Their Fair Share"
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"Establish public ownership of the largest corporations and essential industries to ensure democratic control and accountability to the people. Enact aggressive wealth taxes on the richest individuals and corporations to spend on public goods and infrastructure."
"Workers Deserve More," Economic Democracy
The platform taxes and regulates private ownership. The program replaces it in the largest firms. This is the domain where Berman's hinge is most visible.
What it would take
Public ownership of the largest corporations means acquisition at index scale. The S&P 500, which covers roughly 80% of available U.S. market capitalization, ended the second quarter of 2026 at a record total value of about $67.2 trillion; 2026 estimates run from $63 to $67 trillion depending on source and date. The platform's plank works through the tax code instead, a 25% billionaire minimum tax its authors score at $500 billion over 10 years.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: Democrats split 43% agree, 43% disagree on whether government should control or own key industries such as healthcare and energy (I&I/TIPP, July 2026).
Sources for this strip
- S&P Dow Jones Indices, index coverage of approximately 80% of available market capitalization; total-value point estimate of $67.185 trillion at end of Q2 2026 via exchange-data analyses (Political Calculations; GlobalData at $63.2 trillion, January 2026). Refresh quarterly.
- I&I/TIPP poll, July 2026, question on government control or ownership of key industries.
- Platform revenue figure from the 2024 platform text quoted above.
BConstitutional structure
2024 Democratic Party Platform
The adopted platform contains no language on the Electoral College, the filibuster, or the composition of the Senate. The instrument records that absence without converting it into a position. The platform's closest adopted text:
"President Biden signed the Electoral Count Reform Act to preserve the will of the people and to protect against the type of attempts to overturn our elections that led to the January 6 insurrection."
Chapter Six, Voting Rights, p. 49. The Act reforms the counting of electoral votes; it does not alter the Electoral College.
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"Expand the House of Representatives, implement proportional representation and ranked choice voting in all elections, and abolish the Senate."
"Abolish the Electoral College."
"Workers Deserve More," A Democratic Congress; A Real Democracy
Structural constitutional reform is not an exclusively socialist position. Levitsky and Ziblatt argue for major reform of counter-majoritarian institutions on pro-democracy grounds in Tyranny of the Minority (2023). The program's distinguishing feature is abolition of chambers and institutions, stated as steps toward a democratic socialist republic.
What it would take
Article V offers two routes to amend: two thirds of both houses of Congress, or a convention on the application of 34 state legislatures, with ratification by 38 states either way. 27 amendments have been ratified, the convention route has never been used, and the most recent amendment was submitted in 1789 and ratified in 1992. Article V also entrenches one subject, verbatim: "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." The mainstream scholarly reading, per the Library of Congress Constitution Annotated, treats abolition of the Senate as requiring the consent of every disadvantaged state; a minority of scholars disputes the clause's force. Abolition of the Electoral College, by contrast, is an ordinary amendment.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: 80% of Democrats and Democratic leaners favor deciding the presidency by national popular vote (Pew Research Center, surveyed August 26 to September 2, 2024, n=9,720). No comparable poll of Senate abolition exists.
Sources for this strip
- U.S. Constitution, Article V; National Archives on the amendment process and the 27th Amendment's 1789 to 1992 timeline.
- Constitution Annotated (Library of Congress), "Unamendable Subjects," on the equal-suffrage entrenchment clause and the balance of scholarly opinion.
- Pew Research Center, Electoral College survey, August 26 to September 2, 2024, n=9,720.
CExecutive and judiciary
2024 Democratic Party Platform
"We will push for a Supreme Court that follows the rule of law, protects people's freedoms, and abides by the highest ethical standards."
Chapter Six, Judges, p. 48. The platform names "our system of checks and balances" as a tenet to defend; its adopted text contains no term-limits or Court-expansion plank.
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"Replace the President and Supreme Court with an executive and judiciary chosen by and subordinate to Congress."
"Workers Deserve More," A Real Democracy
The platform treats the Court as an independent branch needing ethical repair. The program subordinates both other branches to the legislature.
What it would take
The Court the program would replace holds a record-low 33% job approval, 12% among Democrats (Gallup, surveyed July 1 to 19, 2026, n=1,200). Reform polls very differently from replacement: 82% of Democrats favored fixed terms for justices in 2022 (AP-NORC) and 87% in 2026 (Marquette Law School), while expansion of the Court drew 44% of Democrats in Annenberg's 2025 survey and 62% in Marquette's 2026 wave.The expansion figures diverge because the two polls frame the question differently; this page displays the more conservative reading and names the other rather than resolving the conflict. No public poll has directly tested making the judiciary subordinate to Congress.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: 44% of Democrats favor expanding the nine-member Supreme Court (Annenberg, fielded May to July 2025, n=1,334), against far larger Democratic majorities for term limits, a platform-adjacent reform.
Sources for this strip
- Gallup, Supreme Court job approval, surveyed July 1 to 19, 2026, n=1,200, margin of error ±4.
- AP-NORC, surveyed July 14 to 17, 2022, n=1,085, on fixed terms for justices.
- Marquette Law School Poll, national wave surveyed May 20 to 26, 2026, on fixed terms and expansion.
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, 2025 Constitution Day survey, reform items fielded May to July 2025, n=1,334.
DPolicing and prisons
2024 Democratic Party Platform
"We need to fund the police, not defund the police."
"Democrats will pass his Safer America Plan, which calls on Congress to invest $37 billion to support law enforcement and crime prevention. That includes funding 100,000 additional police officers for accountable community policing and $5 billion in community violence intervention."
Chapter Five, Policing & Public Safety, p. 42
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"Demilitarize police departments, disempower police unions, and redirect funding to public services as steps towards fully abolishing the police and prison system which protects the rich and jails the poor."
"Workers Deserve More," End Mass Incarceration and Police Immunity
Reform of the institution against abolition of it. The strongest case for each side is in the library below; read Kaba before deciding the abolition column is unserious.
What it would take
The system the program would abolish holds nearly 2,000,000 people on a given day, 580 per 100,000 residents, a higher rate than any other independent democracy, at a fiscal cost of $445 billion per year (Prison Policy Initiative, 2026, on Bureau of Justice Statistics data; the prisons-only federal count is 1,254,200, or 360 per 100,000). In Gallup's 2020 survey of Black Americans, 61% wanted police to spend the same amount of time in their area, 20% wanted more, and 19% wanted less; the question has not been re-asked with identical wording since.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: 25% of Democrats and Democratic leaners say police funding in their area should be decreased; 34% say increased and 40% say kept the same (Pew Research Center, September 2021, n=10,371).
Sources for this strip
- Prison Policy Initiative, "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2026," March 11, 2026, on BJS underlying data; definitional note: BJS yearend 2023 sentenced-prisoner count 1,254,200.
- Gallup Center on Black Voices, surveyed June 23 to July 6, 2020, police-presence preferences.
- Pew Research Center, American Trends Panel, September 2021, n=10,371, police-funding items.
EEducation
2024 Democratic Party Platform
"Democrats will provide free, universal preschool for four-year olds, saving the families of 5 million children $13,000 a year."
"It'll make trade school and community college free for every American."
"We've invested a record $16 billion in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); and we're working to subsidize tuition at all Minority Serving Institutions for anyone whose family earns less than $125,000 a year."
Chapter Three, Education, pp. 26–27
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"Provide free, quality public education from pre-K to college and cancel all student debt."
"Workers Deserve More," Freedom to Flourish
The domain of closest overlap on paper, and the site's sharpest finding underneath. Neither document treats higher education as a governed sector: no accreditation, no institutional accountability language, nothing on institutional viability. The platform is far more specific about access and money, Pell, HBCUs by name, $16 billion, Minority Serving Institutions; the program addresses higher education as a benefit to make free and a workplace to organize. Neither says how institutions are recognized or kept solvent. The civic tradition's purpose question, education as the formation of citizens, Mann through Du Bois to Allen, is likewise absent from both; Seam B below carries that argument.
What neither document says
A full-text scan of the adopted program, both the web edition and the 2025–2026 print pamphlet, returns no occurrence of accreditation, faculty, professor, research, HBCU, Historically Black, or minority-serving. Higher education appears as a free benefit and as an organizing terrain: graduate-student strikes, campus divestment, taxing private universities. No national DSA commission or committee owns education policy; the one education-named body, the National Political Education Committee, trains members. YDSA's College for All reaches a thin governance thread, democratizing universities and budget representation for students, faculty, and staff, and stops before accreditation, outcomes, or HBCUs as institutions. The platform, scanned with equal rigor, contains no accreditation, gainful-employment, borrower-defense, or completion-rate language in its education chapter. The sector both documents leave ungoverned moved $120.8 billion in Title IV aid to 9.9 million students across roughly 5,400 participating institutions in FY2024, among them 99 accredited HBCUs enrolling about 292,000 students.Method note: absence claims mean no occurrence found in a full read of the named texts; editions and sources are listed below.
What it would take
Outstanding student loan debt stands at $1.832 trillion across 42.7 million federal borrowers (Federal Reserve, third quarter 2025; Education Data Initiative). Penn Wharton Budget Model finds that broad, untargeted cancellation sends roughly 70% of the benefit to the top 60% of earners, so the design of cancellation, more than its size, decides who gains. The College for All Act of 2025 prices universal free public college at a federal cost of at least $48 billion per year, financed in the bill by a financial-transactions tax.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: 26% of Democrats favor canceling all student debt; 45% favor canceling some (YouGov, surveyed April 16 to 20, 2024, n=1,144). 63% of all adults favored free public college in Pew's 2021 read.
Sources for this strip
- Federal Reserve data, Q3 2025, outstanding student loan total; Education Data Initiative, 42.7 million federal borrowers.
- Penn Wharton Budget Model, "Forgiving Student Loans," August 23, 2022, distributional finding of 69 to 73% to the top 60%.
- College for All Act of 2025, introduced May 21, 2025, sponsors' cost figure of at least $48 billion per year.
- YouGov, surveyed April 16 to 20, 2024, n=1,144; Pew Research Center, surveyed July 8 to 18, 2021, free-college item.
- Governed-sector scan: DSA "Workers Deserve More," web edition (program.dsausa.org) and 2025–2026 print pamphlet, full read; dsausa.org committees page; YDSA platform and College for All materials (y.dsausa.org); 2024 Democratic Party Platform education chapter, full read.
- Magnitudes: Federal Student Aid FY2024 Annual Report ($120.8 billion, 9.9 million students, 5,378 active institutions); Congressional Research Service R43159 and R46143; Pew Research Center, October 2, 2024 (99 accredited HBCUs, fall 2022); PNPI on IPEDS data (292,524 HBCU students, fall 2023).
FSlavery and repair
2024 Democratic Party Platform
"To determine how best to right historical wrongs, Democrats support Congress executing a study of reparations and the continuing impacts of slavery."
Chapter Six, Racial Equity, p. 55. The platform endorses a study; it does not name H.R. 40 or a reparations program.
DSA Program, 2025–2026
"End the legacies of slavery and colonialism. Reinforce anti-discrimination laws. Honor all treaties and tribal sovereignty. Enact reparations and massively invest in good jobs, quality housing and infrastructure in neglected minority communities."
"Workers Deserve More," Finish Reconstruction
This is the domain where the record complicated my starting assumption, as the introduction concedes: both texts address slavery, at very different magnitudes, a study against a program. The live scholarly dispute sits inside the socialist tradition itself, between class-first writers skeptical of reparations and race-conscious writers who insist on them. Both camps open the library below.
What it would take
The scholarly benchmark for reparations, from William A. Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen's From Here to Equality (2020), prices closing the Black-White wealth gap at $10 to $12 trillion, on the order of $267,000 per eligible descendant. The platform's study already has a legislative vehicle: H.R. 40, first introduced by Representative John Conyers in 1989, reintroduced in the 119th Congress by Representative Ayanna Pressley on January 3, 2025, and pending in the House Judiciary Committee.
Mark this domain to see where the party's voters sit.
Where the party's voters sit: Democrats split 49% to 47% on federal cash payments to descendants of the enslaved (Gallup, 2019). 77% of Black adults and 18% of White adults favor repayment in some form (Pew, surveyed October 4 to 17, 2021).
Sources for this strip
- William A. Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen, From Here to Equality, UNC Press, 2020; Brookings essay, June 15, 2020, on the $10 to $12 trillion estimate and methodology.
- H.R. 40, 119th Congress, Congress.gov record; pull the live cosponsor count at deploy rather than hard-coding it.
- Gallup, 2019 reparations survey; Pew Research Center, surveyed October 4 to 17, 2021.